The 8 Limbs of Yoga (Patañjali’s Aṣṭāṅga) Explained

The 8 limbs of yoga are yama, niyama, āsana, prāṇāyāma, pratyāhāra, dhāraṇā, dhyāna and samādhi. This is the path Patañjali sets out in the Yoga Sūtras under the name aṣṭāṅga yoga (often written “ashtanga”), which literally means “eight-limbed yoga”. The limbs run from the most visible, how you treat others and yourself, to the most subtle, how your mind pays attention. Postures are only one of the eight.
This guide takes each limb in turn: what it teaches, how it shows up on an ordinary Tuesday, and what psychology has to say about it today. At the end you will find a guided practice for the limb that, in my experience, is the least understood. If you would like the background on the text and its author first, start with who Patañjali was and what the Yoga Sūtras are.
- Eight limbs, not eight rungs
- Patañjali’s aṣṭāṅga and Ashtanga Vinyasa are not the same thing
- The 8 limbs of yoga, one by one
- The most common misunderstanding: retreating is not disconnecting
- What psychology says, and what it doesn’t yet know
- Guided practice: pratyāhāra in nature
- Frequently asked questions
Eight limbs, not eight rungs
People often say “the eight steps”, but the Sanskrit word is aṅga: limb, branch. Aṣṭa is eight. Patañjali’s image is not a ladder where you leave one rung behind as you climb to the next. It is a body with eight limbs, or a tree whose branches grow at the same time. Nobody finishes ethics and then starts breathing.
The order still makes sense. The eight limbs are listed in sūtra 2.29, and the sūtra before it explains what they are for: through their practice, impurities diminish and clarity grows until discernment becomes possible. The first five work on conduct, body, breath and the senses. The last three are, in the text’s own words, “internal” compared with the others: they happen in attention.
One fact tends to surprise people. Of the 196 sūtras, Patañjali gives exactly three to posture. The yoga we know from photographs is a small part of the map.
Patañjali’s aṣṭāṅga and Ashtanga Vinyasa are not the same thing
If you have searched for “ashtanga yoga”, you have probably found demanding classes built on fixed series of postures linked by the breath. That is Ashtanga Vinyasa, the method K. Pattabhi Jois systematised in Mysore in the twentieth century. It borrowed Patañjali’s term, but it is a style of physical practice, not the eight limbs.
I know both houses. I trained in the Sivananda tradition and have also been a student of Sharath Jois, and I respect both. The distinction matters for a practical reason. If Ashtanga Vinyasa feels too intense for your body or your stage of life, that does not shut you out of Patañjali’s aṣṭāṅga. The eight limbs can be walked at any age and in any body.
The 8 limbs of yoga, one by one
1. Yama: how you relate to others
The yamas are five ethical commitments (sūtra 2.30): ahiṃsā, non-harming; satya, truthfulness; asteya, not taking what is not yours; brahmacarya, the conscious use of energy; and aparigraha, non-hoarding. Patañjali does not begin here out of moralism. It is a psychological observation: a mind that lies, harms or covets has a great deal of noise to manage, and that noise sits down with you when you meditate.
Ahiṃsā, for example, is not only decided in grand gestures. It is decided in the tone of your reply to a message on a bad day, and in how you speak to yourself when you get something wrong.
2. Niyama: how you relate to yourself
The niyamas are five personal disciplines (sūtra 2.32): śauca, cleanliness; saṃtoṣa, contentment; tapas, the steady effort that tempers; svādhyāya, self-study; and īśvara-praṇidhāna, surrender to something greater than the self. Saṃtoṣa may be the most countercultural of them. It is not resignation. It is no longer making your peace depend on the next thing arriving.
On our retreats we do not teach yama and niyama from a whiteboard. They are lived in karma yoga, shared and selfless work, and in the attitude each person brings to satsaṅg, the gathering where we share, with the whole saṅgha, the community that forms over those days. Ethics is learned by living together.
3. Āsana: a steady, comfortable posture
Patañjali’s definition fits in three words: sthira-sukham āsanam (2.46), posture should be steady and comfortable. He does not say flexible, or advanced, or photogenic. And he adds how it is achieved: by relaxing effort. The original meaning of āsana is “seat”: preparing a body that can remain still without pain or restlessness claiming all your attention.
That is what we work on in the śālā, the practice room: not how far you go, but where you are moving from.
4. Prāṇāyāma: the breath as a bridge
Prāṇa is vital energy and āyāma means extension or regulation. Patañjali describes it as the conscious pause in the flow of inhaling and exhaling (2.49) and credits it with a specific effect: the mind becomes fit for concentration (2.53). Breathing is the one function of the autonomic nervous system that you can also direct at will, which is why it works as a bridge between body and mind.
If you would like a simple place to begin, the article on yoga for back-to-routine stress walks you through one technique step by step. In Arrieta we practise it in the room and also outdoors.
5. Pratyāhāra: the hinge
Pratyāhāra is usually translated as “withdrawal of the senses”, and that is where the misunderstanding begins. Sūtra 2.54 does not speak of shutting anything down. It says that the senses, when they stop latching on to their objects, follow the nature of the mind. Āhāra means food: the point is to stop devouring stimuli, not to stop perceiving.
It is the hinge between the outer and the inner limbs, and it is the one most needed in a life with a screen in your pocket. I give it a whole section below, along with the guided practice.
6. Dhāraṇā: holding attention on one point
Dhāraṇā is fixing the mind in one place (3.1): the breath, a flame, a sound, a tree. It is a deliberate effort, and the mind wanders. Bringing it back is not a failure of the practice. It is the practice. Each return is a repetition, as in any training.
7. Dhyāna: when attention flows by itself
Dhyāna, meditation, is what happens when that attention stops being interrupted (3.2). The tradition compares it to oil poured from one vessel to another in an unbroken thread. It helps to be clear here: meditation is not something you “do”. You do dhāraṇā, and dhyāna happens when the conditions are ripe. What we usually call “meditating for twenty minutes” is nearly always twenty minutes of dhāraṇā with a few moments of dhyāna. And that is perfectly fine.
On retreat we practise dhāraṇā and dhyāna in the room and in the forest. The Irati Forest makes it easy.
8. Samādhi: Liberation
Samādhi is the state in which only the object of attention shines and the sense of “I am meditating” falls away (3.3). Patañjali describes several degrees and places liberation at the end, kaivalya, which other traditions call mokṣa.
On retreats I like to joke that the eighth limb is reserved for anyone who comes back a thousand times. It is a joke. The serious part is this: nobody honest can promise you samādhi in a weekend, or in ten. What can be offered are the conditions for the other seven, and that already changes a life.
The most common misunderstanding: retreating is not disconnecting
After more than forty years of practice, if I had to name the limb that is least understood, it would be pratyāhāra. People picture it as closing the windows: blocking your ears, stepping away from the world, switching off the senses. Read that way, yoga looks like an escape.
My experience is different. The real change does not come when you manage to seal yourself off from the world. It comes when you accept duality and learn to live from there. Patañjali’s philosophy is dualist: it distinguishes puruṣa, the consciousness that observes, from prakṛti, nature, everything that changes, your body and your thoughts included. It does not ask you to destroy one in order to keep the other. It asks you to stop confusing them. I have written about that force in Prakṛti, nature as a healing force.
Other Indian traditions call that changing world of appearances māyā. Māyā is not there to be denied. It is there to be lived, but with presence and awareness. How that way of seeing darkens, and how it clears, is the subject of Māyā, depression and the path of yoga.
This is why I often say that a retreat is not for disconnecting. It is for connecting: with your body, with your breath, with the people beside you and with the ground under your feet. Pratyāhāra is not about feeling less. It is about no longer chasing everything you feel.
What psychology says, and what it doesn’t yet know
With a background in psychology, I care about how far the evidence really goes. Three notes, each with its limits.
A scattered mind is a heavy one. In 2010, Killingsworth and Gilbert published a study in Science in which more than two thousand people were asked, at random moments, what they were doing and what they were thinking about. Almost half the time their minds were somewhere else, and at those moments they reported feeling worse. That is roughly what Patañjali calls citta-vṛtti, the fluctuations of the mind, when he defines yoga as their stilling (1.2). The study describes an association. It does not prove which causes which.
Nature rests attention. Stephen Kaplan’s attention restoration theory proposes that natural settings hold attention without effort, which he calls “soft fascination”, and let directed attention, the kind we spend at work, recover. In 2008, Berman, Jonides and Kaplan reported in Psychological Science that a walk in a natural setting improved performance on an attention task more than a walk through city streets. These are small studies with short-term effects, but they point where the tradition already pointed: it is easier to gather the senses where nothing is shouting for them.
The whole matters. In 2014, Gard and colleagues proposed in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience a model in which yoga improves self-regulation along two routes: top-down, through intention, ethics and attention, and bottom-up, through the body and the breath. It is a theoretical framework built on earlier studies, not definitive proof, and it seems honest to say so.
On samādhi, science still has very little to say. There we go on relying on the testimony of those who practise.
Guided practice: pratyāhāra in nature
On retreats I do not teach pratyāhāra behind closed doors. I teach it outside, before the beauty and abundance of Mother Earth, Ama Lur, as we say here in Basque. You can do this in a forest, in a park or beside an open window. Allow ten to fifteen minutes.
- Stop. Sit or stand with a long spine and loose shoulders. Leave your phone away from your body, on silent.
- Take three slow breaths through the nose, lengthening the exhale a little.
- Open your hearing. Listen first to the farthest sound, then to the nearest. Do not name the sounds. Let them arrive.
- Open your sight. Keep a soft gaze, focused on nothing in particular. Receive light, colour and movement without going out to find them.
- Open your skin. Notice the air, the temperature and the weight of your body on the earth.
- Watch the gesture of chasing. At some point a sound or a thought will pull at you. Do not fight it. Notice the pull and let it go. That letting go is pratyāhāra.
- Close your eyes and ask who is perceiving all of this. Do not look for an answer. Rest for a couple of minutes in the plain fact of perceiving.
- Return. Open your eyes slowly and give thanks before you move.
Notice that you have not switched off a single sense. They have been more awake than at any other point in the day. What has changed is the direction: they have stopped going out after things and started receiving them. With practice, you can take that gesture into a meeting, a family meal or a traffic jam.
Frequently asked questions
What are the 8 limbs of yoga?
Yama (ethics towards others), niyama (personal discipline), āsana (posture), prāṇāyāma (regulation of the breath), pratyāhāra (gathering in of the senses), dhāraṇā (concentration), dhyāna (meditation) and samādhi (absorption). Patañjali lists them in sūtra 2.29 of the Yoga Sūtras.
Do you have to follow the eight limbs in order?
Not strictly. The order describes a natural progression from outer to inner, but the limbs are practised together and support one another. Most people come to yoga through postures or breathing, and ethics and meditation mature over time.
Is Patañjali’s aṣṭāṅga the same as Ashtanga Vinyasa?
No. Patañjali’s aṣṭāṅga is the complete eight-limbed path described in the Yoga Sūtras. Ashtanga Vinyasa is a modern style of physical practice, with fixed series of postures, that took its name from it.
How long does it take to reach samādhi?
Nobody can honestly say, and it is wise to be wary of anyone who gives a timescale. The tradition speaks of practice sustained for a long time, without interruption and with dedication. The other seven limbs bear fruit much sooner: more calm, more clarity and a kinder relationship with your own mind.
To keep walking
The eight limbs are not a syllabus to pass. They are a way of living that is refined over time, and each person enters by the nearest door. You can begin today with the practice above, ten minutes, wherever you are.
And if you would like to live the eight limbs together for a few days, with the practice room, the forest and a group to walk alongside you, we would be glad to welcome you at Casa Marterena, a thirteenth-century palace in Arrieta, in the Navarrese Pyrenees, near Pamplona. See the dates of our upcoming yoga and meditation retreats.


















